In May 2022, we released the Nairobi Metropolitan Area (NMA) Infrastructure Report 2022, which highlighted that there were 940.5 Km ongoing construction and rehabilitation projects in the NMA worth Kshs 97.3 bn. This was a slight increase from the 939.6 Km projects worth Kshs 162.4 bn that was recorded in 2021. Both water and sewer connectivity increased by 1.0% points to 55.8% and 19.0% in 2020 from 54.8% and 18.0% in 2019, respectively in the NMA. Kenya’s electricity coverage also stood at 70.0%, which represents a 0.3%-points increase from the 69.7% realized in 2019. These instances among many others signifies government’s efforts to better the country through infrastructure developments.

As a follow up to the aforementioned infrastructure report, we shall focus on highlighting the status of infrastructure in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area (NMA), with a major focus on roads, water and sewer network coverage. This is so because infrastructure continues to be a major priority in government’s economic agenda. Therefore, this topical will cover the following:

1. Introduction,
2. Infrastructure Trends in Kenya,
3. State of Infrastructure in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area,
4. Importance of Roads, Water, and, Sewer Network Availability to the Real Estate Sector, and,
5. Conclusion and Recommendation.

Introduction

Infrastructure constitutes the fundamental systems essential for the proper functioning of utility services, encompassing systems like water, transport, energy, internet, sewer and drainage networks, among others. These critical systems significantly impact a country's performance and survival, and their inadequacy can lead to economic stagnation. In Kenya, the government has actively pursued various financial strategies to support infrastructure development, acknowledging its capital-intensive nature. These financial strategies encompass Public Private Partnerships (PPPs), the issuance of infrastructure bonds, debt financing, and substantial budgetary allocations.

In Kenya, the largest focus on infrastructure by the government has been road networks. Over the years, the government has invested heavily in road development and maintenance, with the country’s road assets estimated at over Kshs. 3.5 tn, representing one of the largest public investments in Kenya. According to the Kenya National Highways Authority (KeNHA) 2020/2021 – 2022/2023 Strategic Plan, the Authority scheduled to design 5,862 km of roads, develop 2,655 km of roads, acquire right of way for 4,266 km of roads, increase the percentage of paved roads in good condition by 15%, and increase the percentage of unpaved roads in good condition by 30.0%. The total amount required to implement the FY’2020/2021 – 2022/2023 Strategic Plan amounted to Kshs 464.0 bn, financed through exchequer budgetary allocation of Kshs 295.4 bn, with the internal resource gap of Kshs 168.6 bn catered through PPPs and internally generated revenues.

For water systems, the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS) indicates that the number of Water Purification Points (WPPs) is slated to increase to 355 in FY'2022/23, from 343 in FY'2021/22 attributed to the expected completion and rehabilitation of various water projects. In addition, a total of 38,278 boreholes were drilled in FY'2021/22 as an alternative source of water following unreliable water supply. The number of boreholes is further expected to increase in FY’2023, with the private sector accounting for 90.4% of the total boreholes drilled. As such, the government needs to increase its focus on providing reliable water supply infrastructure.

Section II: Infrastructure Trends in Kenya

1. Roll Out and Completion of Infrastructure Projects

The Kenyan infrastructure sector has witnessed the initiation and implementation of numerous projects primarily driven by the government's determination and sustained focus on developing various parts of the country, especially road projects. As these projects are undertaken, they generate employment opportunities, boosting economic activity and creating a ripple effect as workers contribute to local businesses. Improved connectivity resulting from these developments facilitates smoother trade, attracting investments and fostering economic growth. Furthermore, upgraded infrastructure enhances productivity, encourages innovation, and elevates the overall quality of life for citizens. Some of the projects include; extension of the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) to Kisumu and Isiolo, development of the Dongo Kundu Special Economic Zone, development of Nairobi Railway City, and construction of airports, airstrips and a modern cruise ship terminal in Mombasa. Additionally, the government is pursuing the completion of major infrastructure projects that were previously halted, signaling renewed commitment to infrastructural developments. Such projects include the dualling of Rironi-Mau Summit Highway, Kenol-Sagana-Marua highway Phase 3 and 4, and the Eastern Bypass Highway Phase 2.

2. Enhanced Technology Integration

There is a notable emphasis on the integration of advanced technologies in infrastructure projects in Kenya, meant to promote efficiency and sustainability of infrastructure. This includes the geospatial technology in monitoring the construction and maintenance of roads, leveraging real-time data for optimal efficiency during project delivery. In addition, water supply projects are incorporating novel technologies for enhanced purification processes. This deliberate embrace of technology not only ensures that Kenya's infrastructure remains at the forefront of innovation but also contributes to the nation's broader digital transformation agenda, aligning its infrastructure with global standards in smart urban development. The integration of these technologies not only ensures that infrastructure is at the forefront of innovation but also contributes to the nation's digital transformation, aligning Kenya with global standards in smart infrastructure.

3. Inclusive Infrastructure Planning

There has been a shift towards inclusive infrastructure planning, emphasizing considerations for the diverse needs of the population. This holistic approach involves integrating accessibility, environmental impact assessments, and social inclusivity into project designs. For instance, the KeNHA 2020/2021 – 2022/2023 Strategic Plan includes commitments to decrease the carbon footprint resulting from highway construction works by 5.0%, measures to cut down on dust, air, and noise pollution at construction sites by 50.0%, engagement in reforestation efforts along both existing and newly constructed road corridors by planting 36,000 trees, and guaranteeing the full execution of an environmental and social management plan across all projects, aimed at achieving a 100.0% implementation rate.

The objective is to create infrastructure that not only meets basic requirements but also contributes to a more sustainable and equitable society. Projects are now evaluated not only on their functional utility but also on their ability to foster social cohesion, environmental responsibility, and inclusivity, reflecting a comprehensive understanding of the role infrastructure plays in shaping the nation's future.

4. Financing Strategies

1. Budgetary Allocations

The government’s year-on-year budgetary allocations continue to play a pivotal role in steering Kenya's infrastructure development. In the FY’2023/24, the total budget allocation for infrastructure, energy and ICT stands at a substantial Kshs 468.2, recording a 12.4% increase from the Kshs 416.4 bn recorded for the preceding FY’2022/23. This underscores the recognition of the capital-intensive nature of infrastructure projects and their direct impact on job creation and regional economic growth. The chart below illustrates the growth in budgetary allocations for infrastructure, energy and ICT over the last five fiscal years:

Source: National Treasury of Kenya

2. Issuance of Infrastructure Bonds

The issuance of infrastructure bonds has become a significant financial strategy, providing substantial funding for infrastructure projects beyond the constraints of annual budget allocations. In June 2023, the Central Bank of Kenya (CBK) floated the IFB1/2023/07 infrastructure bond which sought to raise Kshs 60.0 bn. The bond registered an oversubscription rate of 367.5%, at a yield of 15.8%, which is comparable to a yield of 18.6% on a tax effected basis. In addition, the recently issued IFB1/2023/6.5 infrastructure bond was oversubscribed by 177.8%, with the government accepting bids worth Kshs 67.1 bn at a yield of 17.9%, which is comparable to a yield of 21.1% on a tax effected basis. Investors' heightened interest in these bonds is attributed to the appealing feature of tax-exempt coupons, enhancing their attractiveness and providing investors with a valuable avenue for portfolio diversification. These infrastructure bonds not only serve as a reliable source of financing but also reflects the confidence of investors in the government's commitment to infrastructure development. The funds generated from these bonds contribute significantly to advancing ongoing and upcoming infrastructure projects, fostering economic growth and development.

3. Public Private Partnerships (PPPs)

Public Private Partnerships continue to be a key strategy in the implementation of major infrastructure projects in Kenya. The collaboration between the public sector and private entities introduces efficiency, innovation, and additional financial resources into project execution. Notable examples include the Nairobi Expressway, a PPP project between the national government through the Kenya National Highways Authority (KENHA) and the China Road and Bridge Construction Corporation (CRBC).

The involvement of the private sector in infrastructure projects mitigates the financial burden on the government and introduces a level of expertise and efficiency often associated with private enterprise. The success of PPPs is evident in their role in the Western Bypass, Nairobi Bulk Water Supply Project, Nairobi Commuter Rail Project, Kajiado – Imaroro and Ngong – Kiserian – Isinya roads project, and the Solid Waste Treatment Plant Project in Nairobi City County, among others. This collaborative approach not only accelerates project implementation but also aligns with global best practices in infrastructure development.

4. Road Maintenance Levy Fund

Established to ensure a dedicated source of funding for road maintenance, the Road Maintenance Levy Fund (RMLF) is generated through a levy imposed on fuel, and then channeled to rehabilitate road networks across the country. According to the Annual Public Roads Programme 2022/2023, Kenya has witnessed an improvement in its road networks, with the good roads network expanding to 18.2% in 2018 from a modest 9.9% in 2009. Simultaneously, the proportion of poor road networks has notably decreased to 37.0% in 2018, marking a significant decline from the 58.9% recorded in 2009. This is through the government’s continued road improvement efforts, supported by the levy. During FY’2022/23, a total of Kshs 67.2 bn is projected to be collected under the RMLF, representing an increase of 22.1% compared to FY’2021/22, which is expected to further go into rehabilitating bad roads into better conditions. This is as RMLF employs a systematic approach to revenue collection, facilitated through the Kenya Roads Board (KRB). This strategic framework ensures the efficient allocation of resources, enabling a targeted and responsive approach to road maintenance.

5. Credits and Grants from Development Partners

Kenya continues to leverage grants from international development partners as a crucial source of funding for its infrastructure projects. These partnerships provide not just financial resources, technical expertise, and knowledge transfer. For instance, the World Bank, such as through the Kenya Urban Support Program (KUSP), has been a significant contributor to Kenya's urban infrastructure development endeavors. The government's ability to secure favorable financing terms and conditions from development partners enables the implementation of projects that might otherwise be financially challenging. The prudent utilization of grants ensures the successful execution of projects while minimizing the burden on the national budget.

Section III: State of Infrastructure in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area (NMA)

For our analysis, we covered the current supply of infrastructure in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area and projects that are currently underway with a focus on roads, water supply, and sewerage systems. The counties of focus within the NMA include Nairobi, Kiambu, Machakos, and Kajiado Counties. Below is the analysis of the infrastructure provision in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area;

1. Roads

According to the Economic Survey 2023, road transport was the leading contributor to the value output of the transport and storage sector, accounting for 77.5% of the sector’s value output at Kshs 2.2 tn. This stood in contrast to the overall value output of the entire transport and storage sector which amounted to Kshs 2.8 tn, indicating that road transport is the predominant mode of transportation in the country. In terms of expenditure, in line with the government’s continued efforts to address the country’s growing need for road infrastructure through increased budgetary allocations, the survey report highlighted that government’s expenditure on roads is expected to increase by 8.0% to Kshs 191.4 bn in FY’2022/23 from Kshs 177.1 bn in FY’2021/22. In support of this, according to the FY’2022/2023 budget statement, government increased  budgetary allocation to the roads sector by 15.0% to Kshs 212.5 bn from Kshs 184.8 bn in FY’2021/22, highlighting the government's key focus on development and rehabilitation of roads across the country. Owing to the government’s consistent efforts, road network in the country stands at 246,757 Km out of which 162,055 Kms are classified and constitutes one of the country’s largest public investments. This according to the latest Annual Public Roads Programme (APRP) 2023/24 Report published by Kenya Roads Board. The graph below shows the Kenyan government’s expenditure on roads during the last five years;

Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS)

However, recent developments relating to government expenditure as revealed by the National Treasury indicate a shift in government’s spending priorities, signaling reduced roads expenditure in the FY’2023/24, as a result of significant budgetary cuts. According to the Supplementary Budget FY’2023/24, allocation to the State Department of Roads reduced by 8.3% to Kshs 230.1 bn from Kshs 250.8 bn. This was attributed to the redirection of funds to other key sectors such as education, as well as to address mounting costs over debt repayment, on the back of increasing debt obligations exacerbated by the continued depreciation of the Kenyan Shilling. As such, we anticipate that the overall roads expenditure in the FY’2023/24 will reduce significantly. In light of this, we expect to witness a reduction in the number of roads projects initiated and completed in the country during the FY’2023/24 period, as the sector grapples to stabilize and deliver results amid significant budgetary slashes.

The State Department of roads is responsible for development, maintenance and management of road infrastructure in the country. The Department delivers the road maintenance functions through several state corporations namely; i) Kenya Roads Board (KRB), which is responsible for overseeing the road network and coordinating the maintenance, rehabilitation and development using Roads Maintenance Levy Fund (RMLF), ii) Kenya National Highways Authority (KENHA) which oversees the management, development and maintenance of National Trunk Roads in Classes S, A, and B, iii) Kenya Rural Roads Authority, (KeRRA), which is responsible for the management, development and maintenance of National Trunk Roads in Class C, iv) Kenya Urban Roads Authority, (KURA), which is responsible for the management, development and maintenance of urban roads in cities and municipalities, and, v) Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS), which is responsible for management, development and maintenance of roads in National Parks and National Game Reserves. The table below highlights the definitions of different road classes and overseeing bodies;

Source: Kenya Roads Board

In terms of performance, in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area (NMA), a total of 91.7 Km road networks constructions valued at Kshs 43.7 bn have been completed between 2022 and 2023 so far. Some of the notable projects completed during the period include Nairobi Western Bypass and Rehabilitation & Upgrading of Eastlands Phase II Road. In comparison with FY’2021/22 performance, this is a decrease from the 132.8 Km road networks worth Kshs 93.1 bn recorded. This was attributed to an increase in projects initiations over the period, subsequently resulting in an expansion of the projects pipeline. Below is a summary of completed road network coverage in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area (NMA) between 2022 and November 2023;

(All Values in Kshs Bns Unless Stated otherwise)

Source: KeNHA, KeRRA, KURA

In addition to the aforementioned completed road networks projects, the Nairobi Metropolitan Area (NMA) boasts of 1,131.6 Km of ongoing construction and rehabilitation projects valued at Kshs 86.3 bn. This represents a significant increase from the 940.5 Km projects worth 97.3 bn that was recorded in 2022. Some of the ongoing construction projects include; i) Kenol - Ngoleni - Kaani / Mutituni – Kaseve, ii) Athi River Machakos Turn Off, iii) dualling of Nairobi Eastern Bypass (From Baraka Roundabout to Ruiru/Kamiti Junction), iv) rehabilitation of Thika Town roads, v) improvement of access to Kibera housing project, vi) rehabilitation of Kasarani - Mwiki Road, and, vii) construction of Ngong-Suswa road in Machakos, Kiambu, Nairobi and Kajiado Counties respectively. Below is a summary of the ongoing road network coverage in the NMA;

(All Values in Kshs Bns Unless Stated otherwise)

Source: KeNHA, KeRRA, KURA

2. Water Supply

According to the Economic Survey 2023 report, water supply accounted for 13.2% of the environment and natural resources sector value output at Kshs 64.6 bn. This was in comparison to the overall environment and natural resources sector which recorded a value output of Kshs 487.3 bn, representing a 3.6% share contribution to the country’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as at 2022. In terms of expenditure, the report highlights that the government’s expenditure on water supplies and related services is projected to decrease slightly by 2.7% to Kshs 45.3 bn in FY’2022/23 from Kshs 46.5 bn in FY’2021/22, as a result of the completion of some major projects, and a tightened fiscal framework. Notable projects completed during the period under review include Siyoi Muruny, Habasweni and Karimenu II water projects, as well as rehabilitation of water supply projects at Ijara, Marsabit and Mandera. However, expenditure on water development is projected to increase by 6.4% to Kshs 32.3 bn in FY’2022/23 from Kshs 30.3 bn in FY’2021/22, signifying government’s continued efforts to increase the supply and access to safe and adequate water across various parts of the country by through drilling boreholes and maintenance of water purification points. The graph below shows government’s expenditure on water supply projects and related services in the last five years;

Source: Kenya National Bureau of Statistics

In the Nairobi Metropolitan Area (NMA) most sources of water originate from piped water systems and boreholes. In terms of water coverage performance, the Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB’s) Impact Issue Report No.14 highlights NMA’s average water coverage declined by 4.0% to 51.8% in 2021 from 55.8% in 2020 despite water connections increasing during the period under review. This was attributed to high population and urbanization growth rates outpacing the development of water infrastructure services. According to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, population in the NMA increased by 1.8% to 9.8 mn people in 2021, from 9.6 mn in 2020, and is projected to continue growing as the same rate to reach 10.1 mn persons in 2023.  Additionally, the World Bank puts urbanization rates in Kenya at 3.7%. These factors have put a strain on existing water systems to meet increasing demand thus leading to water coverage declines. Some of the completed water projects include: i) Makadara East water supply project, ii) Westlands bulk water transfer system project, iii) Embakasi West water project, iv) Nairobi Northern collector tunnel water project, iv) Mavoko water supply project, v) extension of water supply networks in Kiambu town, Gituamba, Ndumberi, Karunga and Mburera areas, and vi) UNICEF borehole projects in Kajiado county among others.

In terms of coverage per county, Nairobi registered the highest water coverage at 88.0% compared to NMA’s average of 51.8%, as at 2021, due to presence of adequate water supply systems and networks. On the other hand, Kajiado recorded the least water coverage at 22.0%, which is 9.0% points decline from 31.0% that was recorded in 2020. This was attributed to inadequate water supply with the problem being compounded by the a high population growth rate at 2.5% compared to Kenya’s 1.8%, according to the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. WASREB defines water coverage as the number of people served with drinking water expressed as a percentage of the total population within the service area of a utility. The table below show the Nairobi Metropolitan Area water coverage as at 2021:

Source: Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB)

Below is a list of some of the water and sewer system companies within the Nairobi Metropolitan Area;

Source: Water Services Regulatory Board

In efforts to bridge the gap of inadequate water and sewer systems within the Nairobi Metropolitan Area, the government has initiated several projects to achieve its goals including;

• Utawala, Mihango Area water supply project in Nairobi county,
• Ruiru water treatment plant project in Kiambu county,
• Limuru, Loroho and Gitiha Areas water supply project in Kiambu county,
• Kiambaa Water Supply Project in Kiambu county,
• Gatundu Water Supply project in Kiambu County,
• Oloitoktok water supply and sanitation project in Kajiado county,
• Namanga mega water project in Kajiado county,
• Mwala Cluster and Matungulu Water Supply and Sanitation project in Machakos County, and,
• Machakos water supply project, among others.

3. Sewer Systems

Sewer systems in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area recorded an average network coverage of 24.5% in 2021, a notable increase of 5.5% points from the 19.0% recorded in 2020, according to the Impact Report Issue No. 14 published by the Water Services Regulator Board (WASREB). This was attributed to the completion of numerous projects during the period such as i) Nairobi sanitation connection projects in informal settlements, ii) Gatundu, Karimenu and Karure sewer systems, iii) Thika and Juja sewer lines expansion by 30 Km, iv) Ruiru sewer project, v) Oloitok sanitation project, and vi) Athi River sewer lines construction and upgrade projects among others.

Notably, Nairobi County led with the highest coverage at 50.0%, while counties like Kajiado had minimal connectivity with majority of the population still relying on alternative systems such pit latrines, septic tanks, and bio digesters. Notably, during the period under review, Kajiado joined the list of counties in the NMA with sewerage systems, a noteworthy shift considering the county’s sewerage coverage as at 2020 stood at zero percent, according to the Impact Report Issue No.13. The table below shows the water and sewer coverage of various counties within the NMA as at 2021;

Source: Water Services Regulatory Board (WASREB)

However, despite the significant improvement in terms of sewerage coverage witnessed in 2021, the above statistics depict a clear gap and need for the establishment of additional, adequate sewer systems in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area. In targeted initiatives to address the disparity, enhance the currently limited network coverage and achieve universal access to sewered sanitation services by 2030 (Vision 2030), the government has initiated several sewer network projects with the aim of augmenting sewerage infrastructure coverage in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area.  Some of the ongoing sewer infrastructure projects include;

• Riruta Sewer Extension Works in Nairobi city,
• Donholm and Savannah Sewer Rehabilitation and Upgrade Project in Nairobi County,
• Njiru Sewer Line Extension Project in Nairobi County,
• Construction of Machakos Sewerage Project in Machakos County,
• Kiambu Ruaka Sewerage Project in Kiambu County,
• Mavoko National Housing Corporation Sewerage Project in Machakos County,
• Isinet Public Sanitation Facility in Kajiado County,
• Mwala Constituency Sanitation Project Phase 3 in Machakos County, and,
• Machakos Sewerage Project, among many others.

Notably, considering the huge capital investment required for sewerage systems development universal access to sewered sanitation services by 2030 appears untenable. As such, this target has now been revised under the National Water and Sanitation Investment Plan (NAWASIP) framework to a target of achieving 40.0% sewered and 60.0% non-sewered in urban areas, by 2030.

The table below presents a summary of infrastructure coverage in the Nairobi Metropolitan Area;

Source: KeRRA, KURA, KeNHA, WASREB

Section IV: Importance of Roads, Water, and, Sewer Network Availability to the Real Estate Sector

The connection between infrastructure and Real Estate is a crucial one, with a profound impact on property values, development, and urban living. As such, the lack thereof affects the delivery of high-quality property stock. In this section, we outline the effects of infrastructure availability to the property sector;

1. Opening up Areas for Investments: Establishment of infrastructure such as roads networks opens up surrounding areas to property investments by promoting ease of accessibility. Some of notable developments launched around major roads include the Global Trade Centre, Crystal Rivers Mall, and Imaara Mall, located along the Nairobi Expressway project, Mi Vida Homes and Garden City Business park along the Thika Superhighway, mushrooming residential estates such as Pinecourt located in close proximity to the Nairobi Eastern Bypass among others,
2. Improved Property Prices: Essential infrastructure elements such as properly maintained roads, water supply, and sewer systems are key factors in influencing property values within a specific location. In support of this, according to Cytonn Q3’2023 Markets Review, serviced land in the satellite towns of the Nairobi Metropolitan Area (NMA) recorded higher average selling prices at Kshs 18.3 mn, compared to the average selling prices of the unserviced land in the satellite towns of the NMA which came in at Kshs 16.4 mn,
3. Reduction of Development Costs: Presence of readily available infrastructure amenities such as sewer systems and piped water connections eases the burden of construction to developers by reducing the costs which could otherwise be incurred by them. The Center for Affordable Housing Finance Africa (CAHF), estimates that infrastructure costs accounts for averagely 11.0% of total developmental costs,
4. Enhancing Trade Operations: The existence of robust infrastructure significantly bolsters commercial activities within a given region. For instance, the provision of essential utilities such as electricity, water, sewer, and drainage systems, among other infrastructure amenities, plays a pivotal role in optimizing the functionality of businesses within an area, in contrast to regions with limited infrastructure, where business operations face significant challenges,
5. Promoting Tourism and Attracting Foreign Investments: A well-developed infrastructure framework not only encourages domestic investment but also attracts foreign capital. The sustained progress in infrastructure development and associated advancements has garnered global acclaim for Kenya, as a distinguished regional hub. Consequently, Kenya has witnessed a surge in foreign investments positively impacting its property market, with the entry of prominent investors such as Café Java, Grit Real Estate, CCI Group of Companies, Carrefour, Miftah Concierge, Artcaffe, Marriot Bonvoy, Pan Pacific group of hotels among others. Furthermore, the presence of adequate infrastructure, including airports, airstrips, and road networks, contributes to the growth of tourism by improving accessibility to the country and facilitating the movement of tourists to various destinations, and,
6. Enhance the Quality of Housing Stock: Presence of adequate infrastructural amenities such as roads, water supply and sanitation services including sewerage systems significantly enhances the quality of delivered housing stock. Subsequently, adequate infrastructure improves living standards of citizens in a country, contrary to an area with inadequate infrastructure.

Section V: Conclusion and Recommendation

To gauge Real Estate investment opportunities based on infrastructure, we looked at the key infrastructural sectors and ranked them in terms of performance and availability as follows;

The points are 1-4, with 4 awarded to the Best Performing Area Based on Infrastructure Availability

Source: Cytonn Research

Based on the above infrastructure services, Nairobi and Kiambu are the best Counties for Real Estate developments such as residential units, due to the presence of adequate completed road networks, and, adequate water and sewer connectivity. Some of the areas to invest in Nairobi County due to the presence adequate infrastructure include; Westlands, Gigiri, Ridgeways, Karen, Runda, Kilimani, Upperhill, Parklands, Upperhill, Spring Valley, Kileleshwa, Syokimau among many others. Some of the best areas to implement Real Estate investments in Kiambu county include; Thika, Kiambu town, Ruiru, and Juja among others. Kajiado ranks at the bottom of all four counties, due to absence of adequate infrastructural amenities such as sewered sanitation services, water connectivity and low volume of road networks.

We anticipate that Kenya’s infrastructure sector and consequently the Nairobi Metropolitan Area (NMA) will witness a slowdown in the number of initiated and completed construction and maintenance projects going forward, particularly roads. This is primarily due to a reduction in budgetary allocations in the FY’2023/24. Furthermore, we expect the reduction in country’s overall development budget by Kshs 41.9 bn to Kshs 765.7 bn from Kshs 807.6 bn will have a knock-on effect to the infrastructure sector. Consequently, we anticipate that going forward, there will be a decline in the number of infrastructure projects completed, while the number of stalled infrastructure projects across the country is expected to rise due to insufficient funding. While it is acknowledged that the government is turning to Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) to bridge financing gaps, it is our opinion that a heightened focus on PPPs is essential to overcome funding constraints. This is primarily because PPPs leverage private sector resources and expertise, fostering sustainable infrastructure development and economic growth.

Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are those of the writers where particulars are not warranted. This publication, which is in compliance with Section 2 of the Capital Markets Authority Act Cap 485A, is meant for general information only and is not a warranty, representation, advice or solicitation of any nature. Readers are advised in all circumstances to seek the advice of a registered investment advisor.